Umpolung is a phenomenon in which the polarity of an atom (usually the carbon) is reversed. This opens up reactions on a functional group which is otherwise not possible. Umpolung is a German word meaning reversed polarity.
Two common reactions that showcase umpolung are benzoin condensation…
Reaction: Cannizzaro Reaction
Reagent: 50% aqueous solution of KOH
Reaction Examples:
Reaction Mechanism:
The aldehyde molecule is attacked by the hydroxide ion which produces an unstable dianion intermediate in the basic medium. This intermediate then loses a hydride ion…
STRUCTURE AND FORMULAE
Some properties of carbon which makes it one of the most versatile elements on the periodic table are :
• Carbon is tetravalent which means that it has 4 electrons on its outermost shell (2s2 2p2) that are available for covalent bonding. Most elements can utilise only one…
Capsaicin is the active component of chili peppers, which are plants belonging to the genus Capsicum. It is an irritant for mammals, including humans, and produces a sensation of burning in any tissue with which it comes into contact.
The burning and painful sensations associated with capsaicin result from its chemical interaction with sensory neurons. Capasicin binds to a receptor on neurons called VR1. By binding to the VR1 receptor, the capsaicin molecule produces the same sensation that excessive heat or abrasive damage would cause, explaining why the spiciness of capsaicin is described as a burning sensation.
Limonene is an optically active hydrocarbon whose D-isomer possesses a strong smell of oranges. The name suggests it to be an alkene and since it is found in large concentration on the peel of lemons, it is named limonene. It is a cyclic terpene and is used in the synthesis of carvone which is…
Reaction: Darzens Reaction
Reagent: A strong base like tBuO-
Use in Chemistry: a- halo esters and carbonyl compounds condense in presence of a base produce a, b - epoxy esters that on decarboxylation gives substituted carbonyl compounds
Reaction Examples:
Reaction…
fuck yeah, all done with finals. it’s crazy how organic chem homework ends up looking kinda artistic.
